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Readings to Accompany Black Crossroads and Black Freedom
Lean more about Black History in South Florida by reading articles from past issues of museum publications. A few of the links will take you to articles in the Florida Historical Quarterly, the journal of the Florida Historical Society.
Selections are organized by exhibition theme:
Black Freedom in Florida, 1700-1865
The African Cemetery on Higgs Beach
by Gail Swanson
South Florida History, v. 32, no. 1 (2004)
Hundreds of Africans lost their lives in the summer of 1860 due to the horrible conditions they faced aboard slavers intercepted by the U.S. and brought to Key West. They were buried on one of Key West's beaches, unknown by present-day sun worshipers.
Black Indians in the Seminole Wars
by Carol T. Gassaway
South Florida History, v. 27, no. 1 (Winter 1998-99)
Blacks and Seminoles
by George Klos
South Florida History, no. 2 (Spring 1991)
Blacks in British East Florida
by J. Leitch Wright, Jr.
Florida Historical Quarterly vol. 54, no. 4 (April 1976)
An account of Blacks living in Florida during the 1700s.
Colonel Thompson’s Tour of Tropical Florida
by George R. Bentley
Tequesta, no. X (1950)
Colonel George F. Thompson toured peninsular Florida in 1865, to identify land on which to settle recently freed African Americans. William H. Gleason accompanyed him, and soon thereafter moved to Dade County.
Editor’s Notes [on Fort Mose]
by Stuart McIver
South Florida History, Vol. 21, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 1993)
Fort Mose, near St. Augustine, was the first free-Black settlement in the present-day U.S.
The Henrietta Marie in Perspective
by Dinizulu Gene Tinnie
This essay originally accompanied the exhibition, A Slave Ship Speaks, when it showed at the Historical Museum of Southern Florida in 1997.
History in the Making—Amistad comes to Miami
by Dinizulu Gene Tinnie
South Florida History, v. 29, no. 3 (2001)
Richard Fitzpatrick’s South Florida, 1822-1840, Part II: Fitzpatrick’s Miami River Plantation
by Hugo L. Black, III
Tequesta, number XLI (1981)
Biography of Richard Fitzpatrick, beginning in 1829. Topics include a description of his plantation on the Miami River, which was built by enslaved Africans.
A Slave Ship Speaks: the Wreck of the Henrietta Marie
by Dinizulu Gene Tinnie
The slaver Henrietta Marie wrecked in the Marquesas in 1701. The Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society and the Black Scuba Divers (NABS) discovered and studied the remains during the 1990s.
Sugar along the Manatee: Major Robert Gamble, Jr. and the Development of Gamble Plantation
by Michael G. Schene
Tequesta, number XLI (1981)
Gamble operated a sugarcane plantation, on the Manatee River near present-day Bradenton, 1844-1858. Includes a description of sugarcane growing, sugar manufacture, and the use of enslaved Africans.
Communities
Coconut Grove
Black Immigrants: Bahamians in Early Twentienth-century Miami
by Raymond A. Mohl
The Florida Historical Quarterly volume 65 issue 3 (January 1987)
Coconut Grove, 1880-1903
by Dorothy Jenkins Fields
Update, v. 3, no. 2 (December 1975)
Overtown
Colored Town: Miami's Black Community, 1896-1930
by Paul S. George
Florida Historical Quarterly, volume 56 issue 4 (April 1978)
Let's Hear it Once More: “Hurray for Booker T.”
by Michael N. Kessleman
Update, v. 8, no. 1 (February 1981)
Policing Miami's Black Community, 1896-1930
by Paul S. George
Florida Historical Quarterly v. 57, no. 4 (April 1979)
South Dade
South Dade's Black Pioneers
by Jean C. Taylor
Vol. 3, no. 5 (June 1976)
North Dade
Liberty Square, 1933-1987: The Origins and Evolution of a Public Housing Project
by Paul S. George and Thomas K. Peterson
Tequesta, number XLVIII (1988)
History of Liberty Square, built in the 1930s for Miami's low-income African-Americans, and of the changing demographics of people living there.
Florida's first housing project, built by the federal Public Works Administration (PWA).
Labor
Cold Case Solved after 45 Years
by Arthur E. Chapman
South Florida History, v. 23, no. 2 (Spring 1995)
African American police in Miami.
Cowboy with a Twist
by Stuart McIver; illustrated by Ken Hughs
South Florida History, v. 28, no. 1 (Winter 1999-2000)
African American cowboy Lawrence Silas
Dr. James Alpheus Butler: An African American Pioneer of Miami Medicine
by Canter Brown, Jr., J.D. and Ph.D.
Tequesta, number LXVI (2006)
Dr. William B. Sawyer of Colored Town
by Dr. Roderick Waters
Tequesta, number LVII (1997)
Biography of physician William B. Sawyer, who lived in present-day Overtown. Topics include medical care of Blacks, the Mary Elizabeth Hotel, Virginia Key Beach and the Orange Blossom Classic.
The Origin of the Miami Times
by Garth C. Reeves, Sr. as told to Dorothy Jenkins Fields
Update, v. 5, no. 5 (June 1978)
Reflections on Black History
by Dorothy Jenkins Fields
Update, vol. 3, no. 1 (October 1975)
African Americans during World War I.
Miami’s First Newspaper
by Dorothy Jenkins Fields
Update, v. 3, no. 3 (February 1976)
The Miami Metropolis reports on Blacks living in Overtown.
"So Goes the Negro": Race and Labor in Miami, 1940-1963
by Eric Tscheschlok
The Florida Historical Quarterly v. 76 no. 1 (Summer 1997)
Stevedores
by Dorothy J. Fields
Update, v. 2, no. 5 (June 1975)
Struggles
African Americans in South Florida: a Home and a Haven for Reconstruction-era Leaders
by Larry E. Rivers and Canter Brown, Jr.
Tequesta, number LVI (1996)
African American men who held public office in South Florida, including Tampa and Key West, between 1865 and 1897.
Aftermath of the Brown Decision : The Politics of Interposition in Florida
by David R. Colburn and Richard K. Scher
Tequesta, Number XXXVII (1977)
Black Education in Miami, 1921-1940
by Doug Andrews, M.A.
Tequesta, number LIX (1999)
Examines the inequality of education in African American elementary and high schools. Using Mays Middle School (formerly known as Goulds Colored School) as a case study, Andrews focuses on curriculum offerings, ratio of students per teacher, quality of facilities and materials, and teachers' salaries.
Black Miamians in the Miami Metropolis
by Thomas F. Fleischmann
Tequesta, number LII (1992)
Reviews the largely racist portrayal of Blacks in The Miami Metropolis between 1896 and 1900.
The Carver Village Controversy
by Teresa Lenox
Tequesta, number L (1990)
When Carver Village, an apartment complex in the Edison section of Miami, began accepting Black tenants, integration of the area and racial protests began. In 1951, Carver Village was bombed several times.
Elizabeth Virrick and the “Concrete Monsters”: Housing Reform in Postwar Miami
by Raymond A. Mohl
Tequesta, number LXI (2001)
Describes Elizabeth Virrick's 1940s-1960s endeavors for housing reform in Miami's black neighborhoods, particularly those in Coconut Grove.
Interracial Activism and the Civil Rights Movement in Postwar Miami
by Raymond A. Mohl
Tequesta, number LXVI (2006)
The Long Hard Fight for Equal Rights: A History of Broward County's Colored Beach and the Fort Lauderdale Beach 'Wade-ins' of the Summer of 1961
by William G. Crawford, Jr.
Tequesta, number LXVII (2007)
Miami’s Incorporation
by Dorothy Jenkins Fields
Update, v. 3, no. 6 (August 1976)
African Americans participated in the meeting to incoroporate the City of Miami.
Most Morally Courageous of Men
by Sue Searcy Goldman
South Florida History, v. 29, no. 4 (2001)
Despite the fact that others said it was political suicide, one man makes a stand against the bigotry in Florida that was so rampant in the 1950s
Racial Stirrings in Colored Town: The UNIA in Miami during the 1920s
by Kip Vought
Tequesta, number LX (2000)
History of the Universal Negro Improvement Association's Miami chapter and the resistence the chapter met in Overtown during the 1920s.
Shadows in the Sunshine: Race and Ethnicity in Miami
by Raymond A. Mohl
Tequesta, number XLIX (1989)
Summarizes the history of Blacks in the Miami region, and contrasts that history with the public image (until 1980) of the area as a paradise for Whites and Hispanics.
“We must picture and ‘Octopus’”: Anticommunism, Desegregation, and the Local News in Miami, 1945-1960
by Gregory W. Bush, Ph.D.
Tequesta, number LXV (2005)
An account of how anticommunist fervor linked desegregation and labor to communism in local news media.
Whitening Miami: Race, Housing, and Government Policy in Twentieth-Century Dade County
by Raymond A. Mohl
Florida Historical Quarterly. volume 79 issue 3 (Winter 2001)
Traditions
African American and West Indian Folklife in South Florida
by Dr. Joyce Jackson
South Florida History, no.
3 (Summer 1990)
At the Crossroads: Afro-Cuban Orisha Arts in Miami
Online exhibition.
Black Daily Life in Northwestern Palm Beach County
by Brent Cantrell
South Florida History, v. 21, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 1993)
Black Entertainment 1908-1919
by Dorothy Fields
Update, v. 2, no. 2 (December 1974)
Clowning Around: The Miami Ethiopian Clowns and Cultural Conflict in Black Baseball
by Raymond A. Mohl
Tequesta, number LXII (20002)
Exhibits—At the Crossroads:Afro-Cuban Orisha Arts in Miami
by Kelly Geisinger
South Florida History, v. 28, no. 4 (Fall/Winter 2000)
Discover the beautiful art forms of the Orisha community in Miami.
Exhibits—The Indo-Caribbean Community Arts Project
by Stephen Stuempfle, Ph.D.
South Florida History, v. 29, no. 1 (2001)
Indo-Caribbean students view their cultural traditions through the lenses of cameras and camcorders
Exhibits—Ritmos de Identidad : Fernando Ortiz’s Legacy and the Howard Family Collection of Percussion Instruments
South Florida History, v. 28, no. 2 (Spring 2000)
Reflections on Black History: Fun and Games Overtown
by Dr. S. H. Johnson as told to Dorothy Jenkins Fields
Update, v. 4, no. 6 (August 1977)
Funky Nights in Overtown
by Eve Reed
South Florida History, v. 21, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 1993)
No One Was Keeping Black Memorabilia
by Bea L. Hines
Update, v. 8, no. 1 (February 1981)
The Season
by Dorothy Fields
Update, v. 5, no. 3 (February 1978)
Tourism for African Americans in the Miami region.
Santeria: From Africa to Miami via Cuba; Five Hundred Years of Worship
by Diana Gonzalez and Sara Maria Sanchez
Tequesta, number XLVIII (1988)
Traces the evolution of Santería from the African diaspora in Cuba to its contemporary status among white, middle class suburbanites in the Miami region.
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